e.+Cubist+inspired+abstract+sculptures+1

= **Cubist Inspired Sculptures - Paragraph 1** = Choose one or two scuptures whose influence can be traced back to cubist theory. Explain the significance of the artists and sculptures and their place in the development of abstract sculpture.

cubism ||  || Marcel Duchamp Umberto Boccioni Constantin Brancusi Alexander Archipenko Alberto Giacometti || Anton Pevsner Jacques Lipchitz Henri Laurens Raymond Duchamp- Villon Ossip Zadkine Naum Gabo || Cubism Orphism Futurism Suprematism Constructivism Neo Plasticism || || Conduct research into the artist (and sculpture) to ascertain: Below is an example of a quote from the named source. The relevant parts have been highlighted. The research question was "cubist influences on Boccioni's sculpture. Use similar specific questions to obtain other information that supports othe aspects of the argument.
 * Artists || Artists || Influenced by
 * Pablo Picasso
 * 1) The cubist influences on the artist and sculpture.
 * 2) The significance of the artist and sculpture in modern art.
 * 3) The place of the artist in the development of abstract sculpture.

**Umberto Boccioni**
Moamcollection.org Needless to say, Futurism was influenced by Cubism in the beginning, but most futurists tried to depart from Cubism. Cubism was strongly influenced by Primitivism in terms of the simplified figure, and to make a simplified figure by using compositional ways. While Futurists accepted the compositional and analytical way from Cubism, they made their works very complex and complicated the opposite of Primitivism. Boccioni made a still life sculpture in the same year, Development of a Bottle in Space, 1912. This is one of his most significant pieces, and this shows well Boccioni's understanding of Cubism and procedures in his work. There are shapes of a bottle, plate, cup, and table in this sculpture. Boccioni cut off and divided these figures and space by using cubistic compositional way. But this Boccioni sculpture is different from Picasso's. Boccioni's work looks more accurate, analytical, and technological. This difference between Picasso's work and Boccioni's work demonstrates the intrinsic difference in the basic concept of each movement.

Boccioni was the exemplar sculptor taught in class. This was a model for the sort of information to seek on the other chosen sculptors. A reminder of the points presented about Boccioni:
 * Futurist - reference to the Futurist manifesto (aims)
 * The dramatic change to his paintings between 1911 and 1912 after he visited Paris and saw the cubists (and implied change to sculpture concepts)
 * Reference to the fourth dimension - time / leaving a trace of the movement e.g. //Unique Forms of Continuity in Space// & //Development of a Bottle in Space//
 * Irony of references to past art forms when their goal was to create totally new progressive art
 * Faceting of forms influenced by cubism.
 * Parallels with conceptualisations of space.

cubism ||  || Marcel Duchamp Umberto Boccioni Constantin Brancusi Alexander Archipenko Alberto Giacometti || Anton Pevsner Jacques Lipchitz Henri Laurens Raymond Duchamp- Villon Ossip Zadkine Naum Gabo || Cubism Orphism Futurism Suprematism Constructivism Neo Plasticism || ||
 * Artists || Artists || Influenced by
 * Pablo Picasso

Conduct research into the artist (and sculpture) to ascertain:
Below is an example of a quote from the named source. The relevant parts have been highlighted. The research question was "cubist influences on Lipchitz's sculpture. Use similar specific questions to obtain other information that supports othe aspects of the argument.
 * 1) The cubist influences on the artist and sculpture.
 * 2) The significance of the artist and sculpture in modern art.
 * 3) The place of the artist in the development of abstract sculpture.

**Jacques Lipchitz**
Art Directory Jacques Lipchitz His contacts with Archipenko, Picasso and the Cubist circles had considerable influence on his work. In 1913 he produced his first Cubist sculptures. In 1920 he had his first solo exhibition at the Paris gallery 'Léonce Rosenberg'. Two years later Jacques Lipchitz joined the group 'Esprit Nouveau'. Between 1915 and 1925 the artist created Cubist sculptures, worked in stone, whose figures and heads are reduced to block-like forms and are partly colored. In 1925 the artist began a series of 'transparent' scupltures permeated by space created in cire-perdu process, with which he moved away from the Cubist formal language. Angular structures gave way to an unconstrained sculptural style, which expressed itself in the free use of natural forms that became increasingly organic.

B. Liam

Umberto Boccioni was majorly influenced by the cubist movement instigated by Cezanne which led to the production of his cubist influenced abstract sculptures. Umberto was a keen Futurist and his sculptures and paintings were an attempt to show movement and technology. He produced his first major cubist influenced sculpture in 1912 entitled //a bottle in space//. This still life sculpture shows signs of futurism such as the accuracy and technology however, he used the cubist compositional techniques in order to divide the objects and space. Another artist strongly influenced by cubism and influential in the modern development of cubism was Alexander Archipenko. Unlike most artists Archipenko was a cubist all his life and made significant contributions towards cubism and abstract sculpture. Archipenko sculpted using interdependent geometric lines and painted most of his sculptures. This was unheard of until this point because most sculptures were monochromatic at the time. He also used “mundane materials such as wood, glass metal and wire” (Juan Gris) instead of the commonly used marble, bronze or plaster. This is shown in his sculpture entitled //Medrano II//. Therefore, cubism had a major influence on abstract sculptures.

Liam a very well directed argument but use your research to elaborate on the work of the artists. You also need to show extensive knowledge and build credibility.

B. Daniel In 1913 Umberto Boccioni produced the bronze sculpture named “Unique Forms of Continuity and Space.” This sculpture shows many influences of the Cubist movement as it is an abstract version of a human body in motion. The body is not portrayed as you would expect to see it in nature but instead in a fractured way with the metal appearing to flow from the body to give the illusion of speed and movement caused by the wind rushing by. Boccioni has used geometrical shapes such as a cube for the head and cylinders for the legs and arms which is a cubist influence. The use of bronze links to technology and is futuristic. This sculpture shows the relationship between the body and its surroundings rather than the body itself and in this way it can be said that Boccioni’s abstract artwork has been influenced by cubism.

Daniel, what about the fourth dimension (time). I would expand this paragraph to include a second artist to build the credibility of your argument.

C. Andrew Umberto Boccioni was one of the most talented cubist artists and is best known for his sculpture The Development Of A Bottle In Space. This sculpture is skillfully crafted and shows the bottle and the progress that it has made as it moves through space. It is crafted with a plain material that has no additional colour added going with a more traditional theme for his work. This piece of art is a clear representation of what cubist artists were trying to achieve and the way in which it is crafted shows what the artist was trying to do and it is understandable raising the levels of respect given to it as all people can see and interpret the artwork.

Boccioni was a futurist not a cubist - you are mixing the two up.You have the movement of the bottle correct. Do some more research and use a second artist in the paragraph to build the information and the credibility of your argument.

C. Kelvin Alberto Giacometti studied under Antoine Bourdelle at the Academe de la Grande-Chaumeiere, he was also heavily influenced by other sculptors such as Jacques Lipchitz. During his career Giacometti becomes very acquainted with cubist art, his new interest was clearly endorsed in his works as they break away from traditional cubist paintings.

Kelvin you need to engage in more research. You have made a cursory beginning but also include a second artist in this paragraph.

S. Daniel One significant sculptor, Umberto Boccioni supported the cubist theory with his sculptures. One of his main sculptures “Unique Forms of Continuity in Space” resembles a man stepping into the wind with cloth trails floating behind him. The sculpture signifies the movement from the past art styles to the cubist age. An additional sculpture by Boccioni “Development of a Bottle in Space” also represents a change in art styles. It depicts a bottle spiralling up. Alexander Archipenko was another artist that followed the cubist thought. His sculptures were very basic using shapes such as triangles and squares. Most of his subjects were people “Walking Woman” was one of his significant cubist pieces. Alexander Archipenko sometimes painted his sculptures in the cubist effect, he used flat simple line patterns. Both of these artists’ sculptures could be related back to cubism.

Daniel, make sure you are clear that Boccioni was a futurist not a cubist but he was influenced by cubism. His sculpture represents the movement of the figure through space and the fourth dimension (time). You need to demonstrate much more knowledge of the art movements and artists through research.

S. Hamish

Boccioni was an artist who created a completely new type of artwork, it flowed yet was faceted in its structure and created an impression of a figure or object in movement. Before he died (at the young age of 31 in a horse riding accident) he had gone from paintings which were abstract yet still resembled the impressionist paintings of he past to sculptures that were completely abstract in their construction (‘Dynamism of a speeding horse, 1914). It was apparent that he became more abstract over the 4 years he made his most accomplished artwork //The City Rises, 1911// In this painting the men are trying to control a rearing horse, a symbol of an obsolete object that can also be interpreted as impressionism. The City Rises shows Boccioni’s belief in Futurism, the painting includes rows of factory’s in the background basically emphasizing the battle between the old (horses) and the new (factories) where the new was always going to win. Futurism was created by group of mostly Italian’s, they believed that machines where more beautiful than traditional painting subjects as they contained ‘energy, power and speed’. The world was moving on and Futurist’s thought that Italy’s history was holding it back so they created pieces that represented man at its pinnacle of ‘enlightenment’ through there creations of necessity, machines. //States of Mind, 1912// ‘States of Mind’, painted a year later further emphasizes Boccioni’s increased sway towards abstraction as he matured artistically. An increased number of individual shapes jumbled together in a great swirling vortex of facets, but note that Boccioni still integrates non abstracted shapes such as parts of the locomotive (on which this painting is based) and pylons, moreover suggesting he is still partial to past techniques. //Development of a Bottle in Space, 1912// Boccioni’s first real abstract sculpture aimed to explore an object moving while the artist stayed in one place, in contrast to how complete Cubist’s materialsed their work using the opposite of the former (the object staying the same and the viewpoint constantly changing. //Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913// Perhaps Boccioni’s most famous sculpture as well as being a sculpture which visualized best how he thought. Once again it is an object which is moving but leaving a trace of where it has been, creating an almost ghostly trace of where the figure has been and leaving an illusion of movement. //Winged Victory of Samothrace, 337-283 BC//

Hamish, excellent but take time to explain the twisting unfurling of the bottle in space. describe the forms as you would see them from above. Boccioni did not take influence solely from Cubist sources such as Pablo Picasso’s ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ (1907) but from far more ancient artworks. Similar in

T. Nick Jacques Lipchitz was a Lithuanian sculptor who, while studying in Paris, joined a group of artists including Pablo Picasso. Lipchitz was influenced by Picasso who was experimenting with cubism and he was soon recognised as one of the foremost cubist sculptors. One of his most notable works was “Reclining Nude with Guitar”. In this sculpture, Lipchitz pays little regard to the actual form of the woman or the guitar. The sense of reclining is gained not from a literal impression of the subject but by the thick lines which make up the shape of the woman and the instrument. The effect is not unlike Picasso’s “The Old Guitarist” from his blue period. The strong lines formed by, in particular, the body of the old man are not unlike the reclined lines of the woman in Lipchitz’ “Reclining Nude”.

Nick good but focus more on how the work builds on the work of the cubist painters and their theories. I would also use a second artist to develop a more infromative and credible argument.

Z. H. Christian This is my whole body, which includes four sculptors. Boccioni was a prominent figure for abstract art in the early 1900s, his most famous piece, D//evelopment of a Bottle in Space (1912),// shows clearly his understanding of cubist art, and the steps and ideals which were the basis for it. The sculpture, //seen below,// has been cut off into separate parts and uses space in ways which cubism did for its paintings. “Boccioni’s pieces looked more accurate, analytical and technological.” (moamcollection.org). The depth and understanding that Boccioni had of cubism is a clear representation that the abstract sculpture movement was based on the principles of Cubism. //"By the end of 1911, Boccioni, like his fellow Futurists, had visited Paris in order to become acquainted with the avant-garde centre of Europe and to prepare for the Futurist exhibition to be held in Paris in 1912. The impact of Cubism on the Futurists was immediate”.// Another abstract sculptor heavily inspired by the cubism movement was Archipenko, //“////[he] departed from the neo-classical sculpture of his time and used negative space to create a new way of looking at the human figure, showing a number of views of the subject simultaneously” (Wikipedia)// Archipenko was also a cubist painter, and transferred knowledge from his painting into his sculpture. His style of art //“challenged the traditional understanding of sculpture” (Encyclopedia of Ukraine).// By utilising his knowledge of cubism in his sculpture, Archipenko was able to create abstract looking pieces of great detail, which challenged the norms of sculpture at his time. The cubist influence in abstract sculpture is also shown in Alberto Giacometti, a sculptor from the early to mid 1900s. Giacometti became acquainted with Cubism when he studies art in Paris. He was heavily influenced by Cubism, and was very well known for his surrealistic artwork. “ (onculture.eu, 2008)”. This is a direct quote which symbolises how cubism shaped the abstract sculpture world. One last example of an abstract sculptor’s relationship with Cubism is shown through Jacques Lipchitz, who was heavily inspired by the Cubists. “Influenced by Picasso, Lipchitz adopted Cubism and rejected his earlier style, which stressed curvilinear refinements and contours. Picasso had shown the way toward three-dimensional Cubism with his constructions and sculptures, and Lipchitz fully exploited the style sculpturally.” (Answers.com, 2009\). He has been declared as the most accomplished cubist sculpture there ever was. He adopted the abstract sculptors style of work, ignoring nature and instead creating anything which came to his mind. Lipchitz also created most of his sculptures from stone, and used figures who’s heads were shaped in block form. Lipchitz’ style of sculpture further embeds the claim that abstract sculpture owes its existence to Cubism.

Christian A good start but you could elaborate on "Bottle in Space" to explain it more and how it extends the theories of cubism. Be clear that he is a futurist not a cubist. Generally you have to research more to demonstrate an extensive knowledge of cubism and related artists and to build the credibility of your argument. Z. L. Connor Though primarily a style associated with painting, Cubism also exerted a profound influence on 20th-century sculpture. Chief among the sculptors who worked in this style were Jacques Lipchitz and Raymond Duchamp-Villon. Lipchtiz (1891-1973) was a French sculptor. In 1909, while studying at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he joined a group of artists, who were experimenting with cubism, and soon was recognised as one of the foremost cubist sculptors. An important example of his cubist work is **Man with a Guitar,** 1915 which was carved from limestone, takes syntax of pictorial analytical and synthetic cubism and translates it into 3D form. **Reclining Nude with Guitar,** 1928 perhaps Lipchitz most famous sculpture was modelled and features a figure merging from a guitar. Its volume is created not only by mass but also by voids of space. Lipchitz wrote about this work, “The subject is a reclining figure with a guitar; the curved shape of the right leg is also the shape of the guitar ... [There is a] total assimilation of the figure to the guitar-object; even the left arm reiterates the shape of the guitar”.' His later work departed from cubism, displaying more realism and a sensuous textural surface. His attempts to reproduce the mysterious, magical qualities of primitive sculpture also became increasingly evident in his work. One of Lipchitz's recurrent themes, especially after his arrival in the U.S. in 1941, was the triumph of light over darkness, as expressed symbolically in **Prometheus Strangling the Vulture.**

Good Connor. You could use a second artist to build the information and thus the credibility of your argument. You have analysed the sculpture well interms of composition.

Z. P. Stephen  Both Umberto Boccioni’s paintings and sculptures were heavily influenced by the cubist movement. Between 1911 and 1912 after he visited the cubist gallery in Paris, Boccioni’s art work changed and developed. His works were famous for their use of four-dimensions; the fourth being time. His most famous work that used this technique was ‘The Development of a Bottle in Space, 1912’. The sculpture uses many cubist techniques, such as moulding multiple viewpoints in to the one piece of work, as well as the use of faceting.

Stephen, considering the amount of teaching I did on this artist you could have written much more. Use two artists for each part of your argument to build

Z. S. Aka Naum Gabo was an exceptional artist strongly inspired by cubism to sculpt constructivism. Gabo was born on the 5th of August 1980 (try 1880). Naum Gabo was one of the most influenced artists in the 20th century. His constructive sculptures made him “a pioneer of kinetic art” (Wiki, N/A). Gabo’s first influenced piece was labelled “Head, no.2” this sculpture shows a head of a lady made completely out of cardboard. Gabo has expertly shown how he is influenced by giving the head faceted (texture / forms) and making the cardboard go at angles. This shows the relationship between cubist paintings from the faceted ... He also made it look industrial from the use of the technique “stereo–metric construction”. This really gave his picture character and further shows the similarities between cubism. From the explanation of how this sculpture by Naum Gabo was done through technique and new revolutionary ideas, it can be seen how cubism has largely impacted on Gabo and therefore the constructive movement.

Aka you need to explain the ideas behind the Gabo sculpture more clearly. Watch your use of terms like texture (that they make sense). You could add a second artist to this paragraph.to build your information and the credibility of the argument.

Z. S. Archie

The cubist paintings inspired the next generation of artists such as Umberto Boccioni, Marcel Duchamp and Alexander Archipenko. Umberto Boccioni is known as the most original artist of the Futurist school, and its principal theorist. Until 1907 his style of painting was Post Impressionist. After he visited Paris in 1912, he was inspired to become a sculptor after seeing the works of Cubists such as Braque and Archipenko. On his visits to Milan, he got acquainted with a famous futurist poet named Marinetti. Futurism glorified machinery, war, speed and the modern world. Inspired by this Boccioni created ‘//Unique Forms of Continuity in Space.’ (Put in picture)//This sculpture shows an aerodynamic form of a human body ‘gliding through the air’. This may even have been an inspiration for creating characters of shows such as Star Wars and other futuristic films.

Archie a good start but go back to your research to find accurate information. Don't speculate. Focus on the concepts behind the suclptures and the compositions. You could add a second sculptor to this paragraph and use two in the next section as well. It will build the knowledge base and the credibility of your argument.